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A pura is a
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
nese
Hindu temple A Hindu temple, or ''mandir'' or ''koil'' in Indian languages, is a house, seat and body of divinity for Hindus. It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together through worship, sacrifice, and devotion.; Quote: "The Hind ...
, and the place of worship for adherents of Balinese Hinduism in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
. Puras are built in accordance to rules, style, guidance and rituals found in
Balinese architecture Balinese architecture is a vernacular architecture tradition of Balinese people that inhabits volcanic island of Bali, Indonesia. The Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced by Balinese culture developed from ...
. Most puras are found on the island of
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
, where Hinduism is the predominant religion; however many puras exist in other parts of Indonesia where significant numbers of Balinese people reside. Mother Temple of Besakih is the most important, largest and holiest temple in Bali. Many puras have been built in Bali, leading it to be titled "the Island of a Thousand Puras".


Etymology

The term ''pura'' originates from the
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
word ('' -pur, -puri, -pura, -puram, -pore''), meaning "city", "walled city", "towered city", or "palace", which was adopted with the
Indianization of Southeast Asia Dating back to the first century, Indian culture started making its way into the region of Southeast Asia. The expansion of Indian culture into these areas was given the term ''Indianization''. The term was coined by French archaeologist, George ...
and the spread of Hinduism, specially in the
Indosphere Indosphere is a term coined by the linguist James Matisoff for areas of Indian linguistic and cultural influence in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is commonly used in areal linguistics in contrast with Sinosphere. Influence The Tibeto-Burma ...
. During the development of the
Balinese language Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people () on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Most Balinese speakers also know Indo ...
the term ''pura'' came to refer to a religious temple complex, while the term ''puri'' came to refer to
palace A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...
, the residence of kings and nobles, similar to Javanese kratons.


Design and layout

Unlike the common towering indoor Hindu temples of the
Indian Subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...
, puras are designed as an open air place of worship within enclosed walls, connected with a series of intricately decorated gates between its compounds. These walled compounds contain several shrines, ''
meru Meru may refer to: Geography Kenya * Meru, Kenya, a city in Meru County, Kenya ** Meru County, created by the merger of *** Meru Central District *** Meru North District *** Meru South District * Meru National Park, a Kenyan wildlife park T ...
'' (towers), and ''bale'' (pavilions). The design, plan and layout of the pura follows the ''trimandala'' concept of Balinese space allocation. Three
mandala A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
zones arranged according to a sacred hierarchy: # ''Nista mandala (jaba pisan)'': the outer zone, which directly connects the pura compound with the outer realm, and the entrance to the temple. This zone usually takes the form of an open field or a garden that can be used for religious dance performances, or act as an additional space for preparations during religious festivals. # ''Madya mandala (jaba tengah)'': the middle zone of the temple, where the activity of adherents takes place, and also the location for supporting facilities of the temple. In this zone usually several pavilions are built, such as the ''
bale kulkul The bale kulkul or bale kul-kul ( Balinese "drum pavilion") is a Balinese pavilion where a slit-log drum (Balinese ''kulkul'') is placed. It is essentially a drum tower or a watch tower. A bale kulkul can has a civic function, such as those used ...
'' (wooden
Slit drum A slit drum or slit gong is a hollow percussion instrument. In spite of the name, it is not a true drum but an idiophone, usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood into a box with one or more slits in the top. Most slit drums have one slit ...
tower), ''bale gong'' (
gamelan Gamelan () ( jv, ꦒꦩꦼꦭꦤ꧀, su, ᮌᮙᮨᮜᮔ᮪, ban, ᬕᬫᭂᬮᬦ᭄) is the traditional ensemble music of the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. T ...
pavilion), ''
wantilan A wantilan is a Balinese pavilion (''bale'') used for activities involving large crowds. A wantilan is the largest type of ''bale'' in Balinese architecture. A wantilan is basically a large wall-less hall placed under a large multi-tiered roof. A w ...
'' (meeting pavilion), ''bale pesandekan'', and ''bale perantenan'', the temple's kitchen. # ''Utama mandala (jero)'': the holiest and the most sacred zone within the pura. This enclosed and typically highest of the compounds usually contains a '' padmasana'', the towering lotus throne of the highest god,
Acintya Acintya (from Sanskrit: अचिन्त्य, "the inconceivable", "the unimaginable"), also known as Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ( Balinese: "The Divine Order") and Sang Hyang Tunggal ("The Divine Oneness"), is the Supreme God of Indonesian Hind ...
(the
Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa Acintya (from Sanskrit: अचिन्त्य, "the inconceivable", "the unimaginable"), also known as Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ( Balinese: "The Divine Order") and Sang Hyang Tunggal ("The Divine Oneness"), is the Supreme God of Indonesian Hind ...
, or "All-in-one God", in modern Balinese), the ''
pelinggih meru A Meru tower or pelinggih meru is the principal shrine of a Balinese temple. It is a wooden, pagoda-like structure with a masonry base, a wooden chamber and multi-tiered thatched roofs. The height of Meru towers represent the Hindu Mount Meru. Mer ...
'' (a multi-tiered tower-shrine), and several pavilions, such as ''bale pawedan'' (
vedic upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the '' Atharvaveda''. The Vedas (, , ) are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the ...
chanting pavilion), ''bale piyasan'', ''bale pepelik'' (offering pavilion), ''bale panggungan'', ''bale murda'', and ''gedong penyimpenan'' (storehouse of the temple's relics). However, the layout rules for arrangements the facilities of the two outer zones, nista mandala and madya mandala, are somewhat flexible. Several structures, such as the bale kulkul, could be built as outer corner tower; also, the perantenan (temple kitchen) could be located in the Nista mandala.


Gates

There are two types of gates within
Balinese architecture Balinese architecture is a vernacular architecture tradition of Balinese people that inhabits volcanic island of Bali, Indonesia. The Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced by Balinese culture developed from ...
: the split gate, known as ''
candi bentar Candi bentar, or split gateway, is a classical Javanese and Balinese gateway entrance commonly found at the entrance of religious compounds, palaces, or cemeteries in Indonesia. It is basically a candi-like structure split perfectly in two to c ...
'', and the roofed tower gate known as ''paduraksa'' or ''kori agung''. Both types of gates have specific roles in Balinese architectural design. Candi bentar is the gate used in the nista mandala, while the kori agung is employed as the gate between the madya mandala and Utama mandala inner compounds. The rules for gate types are also valid for non-religious compounds such as puri, nobles' and kings' residences.


Types of pura

There are several types of pura, each serving certain functions of Balinese rituals throughout the
Balinese calendar The Balinese observe (besides the Gregorian calendar) two completely different and not synchronized calendars: *The Balinese pawukon calendar A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typi ...
. The Balinese temples are arranged according to the physical and spiritual realm of Balinese people, which corresponds to ''kaja-kelod'' sacred axis, from mountain tops the realms of gods, hyang spirits, the middle fertile plain the realm of humans and other beings, all the way to the beach and ocean, and the many realms in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
. ; ''Pura kahyangan jagad'': Pura that are located in the mountainous region of the island, built upon mountain or volcano slopes. The mountains are considered as the sacred magical and haunted realm, the abode of gods or hyang. The most important pura kahyangan in Bali is Mother Temple of Besakih complex on the slopes of
Mount Agung Mount Agung ( id, Parwata Agung; ban, ᬕᬦ ᬆᬕ) is an active volcano in Bali, Indonesia, southeast of Mount Batur volcano, also in Bali. It is the highest point on Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, influencing the climate, especiall ...
. Another example is
Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta ("the perfect divine nature") or often referred to simply as Pura Parahyangan is a Hindu temple of Nusantara located in Ciapus village, Tamansari subdistrict, Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The temple comp ...
on slopes of
Mount Salak Mount Salak ( id, Gunung Salak, su, Gunung Salak) is an eroded volcano in West Java, Indonesia. It has several satellite cones on its southeast flank and the northern foot, along with two additional craters at the summit. Mount Salak has been ev ...
, West Java. ; ''Pura tirta'': "Water temples", a type of pura that other than religious function, also have water management function as part of
Subak Subak () is an ancient martial art that originated in Korea and uses bare hand techniques. The term was also used in Korea to refer to any fighting style that used bare hands. It is a different fighting style from Soo Bahk Do, which is a moder ...
irrigation system. The priests in these temples have authority to manage the water allocation among rice paddies in the villages surrounds the temple. Some tirta temples are noted for its sacred water and having ''petirtaan'' or sacred bathing pool for cleansing ritual. Other water temple are built within lakes, such as Pura Ulun Danu Bratan. The best example of this type of temple is Pura Tirta Empul. ; ''Pura desa'': A type of pura dedicated to the worship of
Brahma Brahma ( sa, ब्रह्मा, Brahmā) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu, and Shiva.Jan Gonda (1969)The Hindu Trinity Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp. 21 ...
the Gods and deities, that are located within villages or cities, serving as the center of Balinese people's religious activities. ; ''Pura puseh'': A type of pura dedicated to the worship of
Vishnu Vishnu ( ; , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism. Vishnu is known as "The Preserver" within t ...
. ; ''Pura dalem'': A type of pura dedicated to the worship of
Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hindu ...
,
Durga Durga ( sa, दुर्गा, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars. Durga's legend centres around c ...
, Mother nature, Banaspatiraja (barong), Sang Bhuta Diyu, Sang Bhuta Garwa, and other deities, Usually Shiva's shakti,
Durga Durga ( sa, दुर्गा, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars. Durga's legend centres around c ...
, is venerated in this temple. In human life cycle, the temple is connected to rituals concerning death. It is also common for a pura dalem to have a big tree like a banyan tree or a kepuh which is usually also used as a shrine. The Pura Dalem is typically located next to the graveyard of the deceased prior to ''
ngaben Ngaben, also known as Pitra Yadyna, Pelebon or cremation ceremony, is the Hindu funeral ritual of Bali, Indonesia. A Ngaben is performed to release the soul of a dead person so that it can enter the upper realm where it can wait for it to be rebo ...
'' (cremation) ceremony. ; ''Pura mrajapati'': A type of pura to worship '' prajapati'' (the lord of people) or the cosmic might. Most often, in this temple Shiva is worshipped in his form as ''prajapati''. ; ''Pura segara'': "Sea temples", a pura that are located by the sea to appease the sea Gods and deities. It is usually important during the Melasti ritual. One example of this type of temple is Pura
Tanah Lot Tanah Lot ( Balinese: ) is a rock formation off the Indonesian island of Bali. It is home to the ancient Hindu pilgrimage temple ''Pura Tanah Lot'' (literally "Tanah Lot temple"), a popular tourist and cultural icon for photography. Tanah Lot t ...
and Pura Uluwatu.


Sad Kahyangan

The ''Sad Kahyangan'', ''Sad Kahyangan Jagad'' or the "six sanctuaries of the world" are the six holiest places of worship on Bali. According to Balinese beliefs, they are the pivotal points of the island, and are meant to provide spiritual balance to Bali. The number of these most sacred sanctuaries always adds up six, but depending on the region, the specific temples that are listed may vary. A list of the Sad Kahyangan may include: *
Pura Besakih Besakih Temple ( Balinese: ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬩᭂᬲᬓᬶᬄ) is a ''pura'' complex in the village of Besakih on the slopes of Mount Agung in eastern Bali, Indonesia. It is the most important, the largest and holiest temple of Balinese Hinduism, ...
in Karangasem, the "mother temple" of Bali and almost always included * Pura Lempuyang Luhur in Karangasem * Pura Goa Lawah in
Klungkung Klungkung Regency is the smallest regency (''kabupaten'') on Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 315 km2 and had a population at the 2010 Census of 170,543 which increased to 206,925 at the Census of 2020. The administrative centre for the reg ...
*
Pura Luhur Uluwatu Uluwatu Temple ( ban, Pura (Luhur) Uluwatu) is a Balinese Hindu sea temple (''Pura Segara'') located in Uluwatu ( South Kuta, Badung). The temple is regarded as one of the '' sad kahyangan'' and is dedicated to Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa in his ma ...
in
Badung Badung is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. Its regency seat is in the upland town of Mangupura. It covers districts to the west of the provincial capital of Denpasar, and it has a land area of 418.52 km2. The regency had a population of 5 ...
* Pura Luhur Batukaru in
Tabanan Tabanan is one of the regencies (''kabupaten'') in Bali, Indonesia. Relatively underdeveloped (compared with Badung and Denpasar to the east), Tabanan Regency has an area of 1,013.88 km2 and had a population of 386,850 in 2000, rising to 42 ...
* Pura Pusering Jagat (Pura Puser Tasik) in
Gianyar Gianyar Regency is a regency (''kabupaten'') in the Indonesian province and island of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 368.0 km2 and had a population of 469,777 at the 2010 Census, and 515,344 at the 2020 Census, making it the second most ...


Dang Kahyangan

Based on the ejection of Dwijendra Tattwa, which in this study was determined as Dang Hyang Nirartha's history, which in Balinese society is commonly called the History of Gede, mentioned Pura Parama Dharma, which is to pretend that Dang Kahyangan was built by Dang Hyang Nirartha or was awakened by the community to respecting and remembering Dharmayatra (religious holy journey) Dang Hyang Nirartha mentioned a number of 34 temples, some of them: * Pura Yeh Jeruk in Gianyar * Pura Pekendungan near
Tanah Lot Tanah Lot ( Balinese: ) is a rock formation off the Indonesian island of Bali. It is home to the ancient Hindu pilgrimage temple ''Pura Tanah Lot'' (literally "Tanah Lot temple"), a popular tourist and cultural icon for photography. Tanah Lot t ...
in Tabanan * Pura Dalem Sakenan on
Serangan island Serangan is a small island located 500 m south of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 is ...
* Pura Tirta Empul in
Tampaksiring Tampaksiring is a town in central Bali, Gianyar Regency, Indonesia. As of the 2010 census, the area was 42.63 km2 and the population was 45,818; the latest official estimate (as at mid 2019) is 48,740. It is the home to the Gunung Kawi Temple ...
*
Pura Penataran Sasih Pura Penataran Sasih is a Hindu temple in Pejeng village, Bali. It was founded, according to a modern chronogram displayed at the entrance, in 1266 AD, and served as the state temple of the Pejeng Kingdom, 1293 - 1343 AD. Significant featur ...
in
Pejeng Pejeng is a village in Bali, Indonesia, in the Petanu River valley. It is a bit east of Ubud in Gianyar Regency. It is home to the Moon of Pejeng, the largest single-cast bronze kettle drum in the world. Pejeng is a rural area with extensive, ...
* Pura Dasar Bhuana in Gelgel *
Pura Kehen Pura Kehen is a Balinese Hindu temple located in Cempaga, Bangli Regency, Bali. The temple is set on the foot of a wooded hill, about north of the town center. Established at least in the 13th-century, Pura Kehen was the royal temple of the Ba ...
in Bangli


Sea Temples

Bali has a number of important "sea temples" (Balinese: ''pura segara''), which were founded in the 16th century by a
Majapahit Majapahit ( jv, ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta ( jv, ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was ba ...
Brahmin Brahmin (; sa, ब्राह्मण, brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The Brahmins are designated as the priestly class as they serve as priests (purohit, pandit, or pujari) and religious teachers (guru ...
from
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
, named
Nirartha Danghyang Nirartha, also known as Pedanda Shakti Wawu Rauh, was a Shaivite religious figure in Bali and a Hindu traveler during the 16th century. He was the founder of the Shaivite priesthood in Bali.Pringle, p 65 Early life Nirartha came to B ...
, to honour the gods of the sea. Each of the temples is traditionally said to be visible from the next, forming a 'chain' around the coast of Bali. Many of the most important sea temples are located along the south-west coast of the island. The temples' positions were meant to provide a chain of spiritual protection for the Bali island. Listed counterclockwise from Nirartha's legendary point of arrival in Bali, some of the most prominent Balinese sea temples include: * Pura Pulaki near Pemuteran, northeast of Gilimanuk (). * Pura Gede Perancak, to the south of Negara (). * Pura Rambut Siwi, to the east of Negara ()
At this site Nirartha is said to have made a gift of a lock of his hair, which was worshipped. ''Rambut Siwi'' translates as 'worship of the hair' and the tale is reminiscent of the Buddhist story of
Gautama Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...
giving eight hairs to Tapussa and Bhallika, which are now enshrined at Shwedagon. * Pura
Tanah Lot Tanah Lot ( Balinese: ) is a rock formation off the Indonesian island of Bali. It is home to the ancient Hindu pilgrimage temple ''Pura Tanah Lot'' (literally "Tanah Lot temple"), a popular tourist and cultural icon for photography. Tanah Lot t ...
, west of Canggu and south of Tabanan city where two puras were built on a coastal rock overlooking the
Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by th ...
as the shrine to honor sea deities. (). *
Pura Luhur Uluwatu Uluwatu Temple ( ban, Pura (Luhur) Uluwatu) is a Balinese Hindu sea temple (''Pura Segara'') located in Uluwatu ( South Kuta, Badung). The temple is regarded as one of the '' sad kahyangan'' and is dedicated to Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa in his ma ...
, at the southwestern extremity of the Bukit Peninsula (). This is the only Balinese sea temple that is also one of the six Balinese directional temples. * Pura Mas Suka, at the southern tip of the Bukit Peninsula, near Greenbowl Beach (). * Pura Sakenan on
Serangan island Serangan is a small island located 500 m south of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 is ...
, an island between
Tanjung Benoa Tanjung Benoa is a peninsula that is a subdistrict (''kelurahan'') of Kuta South South Kuta (Indonesian: ''Kuta Selatan'') is a district (''kecamatan'') within Badung Regency of Bali. It consists of Nusa Dua, a large peninsula projecting south f ...
and Sanur ().


See also

*
Balinese architecture Balinese architecture is a vernacular architecture tradition of Balinese people that inhabits volcanic island of Bali, Indonesia. The Balinese architecture is a centuries-old architectural tradition influenced by Balinese culture developed from ...
*
Pura Besakih Besakih Temple ( Balinese: ᬧᬸᬭ​ᬩᭂᬲᬓᬶᬄ) is a ''pura'' complex in the village of Besakih on the slopes of Mount Agung in eastern Bali, Indonesia. It is the most important, the largest and holiest temple of Balinese Hinduism, ...
*
Candi of Indonesia A candi () is a Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during the ''Zaman Hindu-Buddha'' or " Hindu-Buddhist period" between circa the 4th and 15th centuries. The ''Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia'' defines a ''candi'' as an ancient s ...
*
Dambana Indigenous Philippine shrines and sacred grounds are places regarded as holy within the indigenous Philippine folk religions. These places usually serve as grounds for communication with the spirit world, especially to the deities and ancestra ...
*
List of Hindu temples in Indonesia This is a list of Hindu temples and their remains in Indonesia. Indonesia has been part of Indosphere of Greater India where sanskritization and Hinduism spread across Indonesia.Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012Encyclopedia of Global R ...


Notes


References

* Sudharta, Tjok. Rai. ''Beda Sadkahyangan dengan Sadwinayaka'', Kolom Tatwa. Majalah Sarad Bali, Ed. No. 69/Tahun VII, Januari 2006.


External links


Balinese Temples (Mapview)
at Bali.com
Pura Besakih (description)
at footprint guides
Pura Penataran Agung (layout)
Rough Guide Rough Guides Ltd is a British travel guide book and reference publisher, which has been owned by APA Publications since November 2017. In addition to publishing guidebooks, the company also provides a tailor-made trips service based on customer ...
to Bali & Lombok {{Hindu temples in Indonesia Balinese culture Hindu temples Hindu temples in Indonesia Balinese sea temples
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
Balinese